The topic has been updated to include 2022 information on EV vs ICE vehicle equivalent MPG results.

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The topic has been updated to include 2024 data on crude oil production by region in the US.

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Gasoline is manufactured as a product of the petroleum refining process. This process starts with crude oil and separates out the different types of hydrocarbons through what is called fractional distillation. Fractional distillation takes advantage of the fact that different hydrocarbon components, each of which has a different application and different number of carbon atoms in a molecule, are progressively heavier and have progressively higher boiling points. The petroleum is heated to approximately 400 deg C (750 deg F), at which temperature it has become a mixture of liquid and vapor. This mixture, called the feedstock, is introduced into the refining tower...

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The University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Systems provides a variety of fact sheets, research publications, and education resources based on its 30 years of interdisciplinary research across the spectrum of global sustainability challenges.

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Links are provided for The University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Systems STEM education resources.

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The topic has been updated to include 2022 data on transportation fuel.

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The topic has been updated to include the restart of Petra Nova and some progress driven by the US Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.

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The topic has been updated to include a summary of the Shared Networked Geothermal System in Framingham, Massachusetts.

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The topic has been updated to include the results of a study that identified the carbon dioxide reduction potential of hydrogen as a fuel source for key industries.

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The topic has been updated with recent information regarding the closure of the Joule Unlimited demonstration plant and life cycle assessment of algae-derived biofuels.

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